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During your life as a self-employed, you will communicate with the tax office (Finanzamt) about many topics: your status, your tax numbers, your tax obligations, tax reminders and even possibly fines...

Even if we are not in 1990's anymore, the Finanzamt usually sends physical letters to your home to communicate with you. These letters are written in German tax language.

Worry not: we're here to guide you in understanding what they mean.

In case of doubt, you can always send us a picture of these letters and we'll tell you what to do.

Our free online Finanzamt letter reader: Finanzamt-Brief

Visit our Finanzamt-Brief to get a free simple translated summary for any Finanzamt letter

Letter after registering as a freelancer

If you want to start freelancing in Germany, you will have to register with the tax office. This is done by filling out the Fragebogen zur steuerlichen Erfassung, or questionnaire for tax collection.

If you want to save time, simply fill out our digital version of the questionnaire and submit it to your respective tax office.

After submitting the document, you will have to sit still for a little bit, as you are not allowed to issue freelance invoices without your new tax number. It should take about 2-4 weeks for that number to arrive in your letterbox, depending on how busy your tax office is.

Here’s what that letter looks like:

In this letter, you will find your new tax number – which means you can start working as a freelancer and issuing invoices for your new self-employed business.

The letter also includes some helpful notes about your old tax number, which you shouldn’t use anymore, even if you are only freelancing on the side and are still employed. You can use the new tax number for both your self-employed activities as well as your income tax declaration for wages from being employed.

Letter about your tax assessment

As a freelancer in Germany, you are obligated to file an annual tax declaration. After submitting your details, you will have to wait for the final tax assessment of the tax office. How long you have to wait is again depending on how busy the tax office is. In larger cities like Berlin, Munich, or Cologne, it can take a bit longer, whereas smaller cities might be quicker in their assessment. So be prepared to wait for anything between 3 weeks and 2 months.

When the tax office has assessed your income tax declaration, they will issue a letter to you explaining their assessment. The letter will include the respective tax tiers they used to calculate your taxable income as well as information about which deduction they accepted to reduce your income tax obligations.

Additionally, this tax assessment includes calculations on how much you are obligated to pay for the solidarity surcharge, or Solidaritätszuschlag (Soli) in German.

As of 2021, the exemption threshold for the solidarity surcharge has been lifted substantially. Find out how much money this will save you here.

Furthermore, your tax assessment letter will also include an overview of how much you might have already paid the tax office and how much money you are still owing. Already issued transactions will be offset with the open amount, so you will only have to pay the difference to the tax office.

Also, please note the deadlines for your open payments, as any delays might lead to fines. You can learn more about reminders and collection letters below.

Letter about income tax prepayments

If you are working for yourself, your tax is not automatically subtracted from your income as it would be if you were employed. Instead, you are responsible to calculate your tax liability on your own, and save money throughout the year to then pay your owed income tax at the end of the financial year.

This can quickly become a big worry in the back of your head – and the tax office has to wait for their money as well.

Which is why self-employed people in Germany usually have to pay tax prepayments based on their income from the previous year. The tax office will issue a letter telling you how much they have assessed, including the dates these payments will be due for payment.

This is one of the more important letters, as it states the exact amounts you will have to pay as well as the due dates. So make sure to keep this letter in a safe spot – or at the very least take a photo of it!

Letters about VAT

If you are working for yourself, you are probably familiar with the term VAT, or value added tax. In Germany, this is called Umsatzsteuer.

You will probably receive at least two letters from the tax office regarding VAT: One letter for you to choose which type of taxation to apply, and a notification in case you are registered as a small business owner and your income has exceeded the VAT exemption threshold.

Let’s take a closer look at those two letters.

Actual and debit taxation

There are two ways to organise your accounting: By actual and debit taxation, or Ist- und Sollversteuerung in German. The Sollversteuerung (debit taxation) is “taxation according to agreed charges”, while Istversteuerung (actual taxation) is “taxation according to received charges.”

Or in more simple terms, if you choose to be taxed by debit taxation, you will have to pay VAT based on the issued invoice date. This of course means that if your client hasn’t paid the invoice yet, you still have to pay the VAT rate to the tax office.

The actual taxation however calculates your VAT charges based on the date your invoices have been paid.

Upon your freelance registration, you have to choose one of the two taxation types. Your choice will then be acknowledged by the tax office in a letter:

This letter includes a note about the respective deadlines for your choice of taxation (the letter above references actual taxation) as well as an explanation as to why this type of taxation is applicable to you.

Change from small business owner to regular taxation

If you are registered as a small business owner, or Kleinunternehmer in German, you will be exempt from paying and charging VAT on your invoices. However, if you exceed the income threshold for small business owners, you automatically have to start charging and paying VAT – and you will also get a letter from the tax office informing you about your change of status.

Please note: Before 2020, the income threshold was 17,500€, as you can see mentioned in the letter above. As of 01/01/2021, this threshold has been increased to 22,000€.

In this letter, the tax office is noting that you have earned more than you are allowed under the Kleinunternehmerregelung (small business owner rule). This means you will automatically switch over to standard taxation, and will have to charge and pay VAT.

Depending on when you receive this letter, it is possible that you will have an extended deadline to issue your first VAT return.

Please note: Even if you get this letter some time during the year, you will have to pay VAT for the whole financial year. That’s why you should always monitor your income and start charging VAT as soon as you exceed the small business owner threshold.

An awesome way to track your income and your expenses is using the automatic photo recognition in our app. Simply upload a picture of your invoices, and Accountable will keep track of your income for you.

Change of VAT deadline

If your VAT from the previous year is exceeding a certain amount, you will receive a letter from the tax office. This letter will inform you about a change in deadline for when you have to submit your VAT returns.

Reminders and collection letters

It is totally normal to forget a deadline or miss a payment once in a while. Usually, the tax office will remind you if they are missing certain documents or are waiting for open payments. But if you ignore these letters for too long, chances are you will receive a collection letter.

In this example, the taxpayer forgot to pay VAT, which is why the tax office issued a 12.50€ fine. The fine now has to be paid on top of the required VAT.

If you don’t pay this amount by the set date, you will be issued with additional fines.

Author - Valesca Wilms

As content marketing lead at Accountable Belgium, Valesca writes about freelancing, self-employment, and taxes based on her own experience as a freelancer.

Who is Valesca ?